Insulators do not easily give up electronsbut can get a local charge when electrons from a conductor are rubbed off on them. These electrons will just sit there untilsomething else takes them away. An insulator’s valence shell is alreadyquite full of electrons. However, your body is a conductor.
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Conductors have loosely bound valence electronswhich are easily transferred or lost, in this case from your body to the area of the carpetwhere you’re shuffling. Instead of you and the carpet having a neutralcharge, a charge imbalance is being created between you and the carpet. Now, when you touch a metal object, for instancea door knob, you get zapped. The door knob may be neutrally charged: itis metal. And, metals too, are conductors,
with looselybound electrons on the outer shells of their atoms. These electrons immediately move to your bodyto restore the charge imbalance, giving you a jolt. Nature always seeks a neutral charge equilibrium,a net charge of zero. Materials with high electron mobility, arecalled conductors. Materials with low electron mobility, arecalled insulators. A commonplace object where you can see aninsulator and conductor working together, is in a simple wire. This electrical wire has a copper core anda plastic shell. Copper atoms have a very loosely bound electronon the outside, as seen here again using the Bohr-model. This makes copper a perfect conductor, whereasthe plastic is an insulator. The millions, if not billions, of copper atomsin this piece of wire, easily exchange electrons, allowing us to make an electrical circuitwith it. Think of an electrical circuit as a path thatconnects two points with a possible charge imbalance, usually connecting a negativelycharged point to a positively charged. Like marbles in a tube moving from a highplace full of marbles to a low place lacking marbles. Imagine these marbles all along the circuit,each marble being an electron. These marbles originate from a power source,for instance a battery. And we’ll explain how batteries work exactly,in a future video. Electrons move from the negative to the positive,as we’ve established earlier. The battery pushes out electrons from oneend and attracts them from the other. As one is pulled in, one is pushed out.
Despite the electrons moving relatively slowly,this effect causes the energy to be transferred almost instantaneously. To create such a flow of electrons, we mustprovide them a path with a conductor, such as the copper within our wire. If this path is blocked by an insulator, suchas plastic, rubber, or air in the case of a cut wire, the electrons cannot continueto flow – stopping the electric current. The key to the flow of electricity is makinga continuous electrical circuit. Connecting a wire between a source of electrons,and an attractor of electrons. All electrical devices are powered this way,that is why your battery has two poles: A source and an attractor, a negative and apositive. This is also why your electrical plug hasat least two tongs, one for incoming electrons, one for outgoing. You see, electrons are not spent, they donot cease existing: They are mere carriers of charge and can only be useful on theirway to their destination. Take note, that connecting two poles of apower source directly, can actually be very dangerous(!) This is what’s called a short circuit, becausethere is nothing between the source and the destination of electrons, to power, such asa lamp or television. This means that the electron flow will notencounter any resistance. The release of energy, when short circuiting,is there for instant, often paired with the involved wire heating dangerously. This is why buildings and some devices, havefuses, these automatically cut the current flow, when the current becomes too high, preventingdamage or worse: Fire. 
